Reading+Assignments

//Unless otherwise noted, answer these questions in your notebook. We will discuss them in class//.

__First World War - European civilization in Crisis, 1914-1918 __ 1. Explain the main causes of the first World War. Who was to blame for the war and who were the main players in the war? 2. In what ways did World War I mark new departures in history of the 20th century? What were the legacies of the war?
 * **__CHAPTER 21 – READING QUESTIONS __**

__Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression __ 3. What factors led to the Great Depression? 4. How was the Great Depression connected to World War I? Who was responsible for the Great Depression? 5. What were the immediate results of the Great Depression? Long-term results? 6. How was the Great Depression a global phenomenon? 7. How was the Great Depression dealt with in the United States? What long-term consequences did FDR's policy have?

__Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan __ 8. What drew Italy, Germany, and Japan into a relationship in the mid-1930s? 9. What is fascism and what were its goals in the first half of the 20th century? 10. Why did fascism appeal to different groups of people? 11. Why did Italy become a fascist country? How did this affect Italian women? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. What was distinctive about the German expression of fascism? What was the basis of popular support for the Nazis? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. What aspects of Europe’s ideological traditions (such as rationalism) did Nazism reject, and which ones did it embrace? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How did Japan’s experience during the 1920s and 1930s resemble that of Germany, and how did it differ?

__<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">A Second World War __ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What were the steps that led to war in Asia in the late 1920s and 1930s? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. How did Japan's relationship (real or perceived) with the United States lead to war with the United States? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why were the United States and its allies concerned about growing Japanese dominance in Asia? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What factors led to war in Europe? Consider especially Germany's role in the beginning of the war. <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Describe the initial acts of aggression committed by Germany in the 1930s. What was the response from Britain and France? Why might they have chosen this response? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Why were the Axis powers initially successful in their attacks against their enemies? What led to the turning of the tide of war in 1942? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. How did World War II differ from World War I? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Explain the concept of total war. What were the effects it had during World War II? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. How did the outbreak of war lead to the Holocaust? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What was the long-term impact of Hitler's "Final Solution"? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What were the long-term effects of World War II? ||


 * __**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Reading Questions – Chapter 20 **__
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">A Second Wave of European Conquests **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Explain the different ways in which Europeans went about conducting their second wave of conquests during the period 1750-1900. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. How was the second wave of European conquests affected by the region that was the target of the conquest? (For example, how did the political/cultural situation in India and Indonesia affect how European conquest happened there?) **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Under European Rule **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why might subject (conquered) people have chosen to cooperate with the colonial regime? What might have prompted them to rebel or resist? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What caused the Indian Rebellion of 1857-58? What were the grievances the Indian people had against the British? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What were the long-term results of the Indian Rebellion? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Explain what was distinctive about European colonial empires in the 19th century. (There are six basic distinctions.) **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial Economies **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. How did the power of colonial states transform the economic lives of colonial subjects? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. How did cash-crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What kinds of wage labor were available in the colonies? Why might people take part in it? How did doing so change their lives? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. How were the lives of African women altered by colonial economies? **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. Did colonial rule bring "economic progress" in its wake? ** ||

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">European Industry and Empire (pp. 877-882) __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. In one sentence how would you describe the global community in the 18th and 19th century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. During the 19th century, Europe became the center of the world economy. What accounts for this? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What is imperialism and why was it important to the industrial West (Europe, the US)? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape the character of nineteenth-century European imperialism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. How did Europeans view Asians and Africans before the nineteenth century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What contributed to changing European views of Asians and Africans in the nineteenth century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. How did the European attitudes toward race which developed by the nineteenth century influence imperialist activities? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. What was the “civilizing mission” and what affect did it have on native populations of non-industrialized areas?
 * __**<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 19: Reading Questions **__

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis (pp. 882-889) __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of 19th-century China? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What kind of society did the leaders of the Taiping uprising envision for China? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why did opium become important in China by the early- to mid-1800s? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why did China and Britain go to war over opium? What was at stake? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Explain why China was unable to enter into the modern world as an equal player among industrialized nations. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Why was China unable to respond effectively to mounting pressures from the West in the 19th century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What was the response among the Chinese educated elite to the failure of Chinese “self-strengthening”?

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Ottoman Empire – “The Sick Man of Europe” (pp. 889-94) __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. In what different ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19th Century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Explain the similarities and differences of what happened in China and in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power (pp. 894-902) __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. How did Japan’s historical development differ from that of China and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Does Japan’s 19th-century transformation deserve to be considered revolutionary? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. How did Japan’s relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process? ||

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Explaining the Industrial Revolution (pp. 825-32) __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Provide a definition of industrialization. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Explain the origins of industrialization. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why did the Industrial Revolution start first in Europe and not in Asia? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why did the Industrial Revolution happen in England first? What factors were present in England that led to the industrialization of that country? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Why did industrialization not occur as early in France?
 * __<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Ch. 18 - The Industrial Revolution** __

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">First Industrial Society (pp. 832-39) __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. How did the Industrial Revolution transform European society? (Think about effects on social structure, daily life, perceptions of class, etc.) <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Explain how the middle and laboring classes benefited from industrialization. What were the negative consequences for these two groups? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Explain how industrialization led to the growth of social protest movements. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. How did Karl Marx understand the Industrial Revolution? In what ways did his ideas have an impact on the industrializing world of the 19th century?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Comparing Industrialization in the US & Russia (pp. 840-46) __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. How did the social structure in Russia influence industrialization in Russia? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What led to the industrialization of Russia? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. What were the differences between industrialization in the United States and in Russia? (Think about origins and changes caused by industrialization, for example.) <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. Why did Marxism not take root in the United States? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Industrial Revolution in Latin America (pp. 846-53) __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. Why did Latin America not industrialize? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. How was Latin America linked to the world economy and what impact did that have on Latin America? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. Did Latin America follow or diverge from the historical path of Europe during the 19th century? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. Ultimately what resulted from the export boom in Latin America? What long-term effects did that have? ||

__<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Atlantic Revolutions __ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What is a revolution? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. How did the Atlantic Revolutions influence each other? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Which Enlightenment ideas influenced the Atlantic Revolutions? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What was revolutionary about the American Revolution and what was not?
 * __**<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 17 Reading Questions **__

__<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">French Revolution __ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Explain the causes of the French Revolution. What Enlightenment ideas influenced the French Revolution? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What were the major events of the French Revolution? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What were the results of the French Revolution? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">(You will need to look for an outside source to answer #6 and #7).

__<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Haitian Revolution __ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Describe Haitian society in the late 18th century. How did each socio-economic group adopt the principles of the French Revolution to each of their own situations? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What set off the Haitian Revolution and what changes were brought about by the Revolution? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What were the long-term effects of the Haitian Revolution?

__<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">South American Revolutions __ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. How did the situation experienced by Spanish creoles mirror that of the British colonists in North America? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. Why did the Spanish American struggles for independence occur decades later than those of British North America? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. What was the main cause of revolution in Central and South America? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How did the Spanish American Revolutions differ from that of North America? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. Explain how the Spanish American Revolutions redefined Spanish society in the Americas. <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. Compare and contrast the long-term results of the North American and South American Revolutions.

__<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Echoes of Revolution __ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century? Be sure to explain the influence of both events and ideas on the abolition of slavery. <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Why did slavery continue to persist in some areas longer than in others? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves? What effect did it have on agriculture in areas where slavery had existed? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What is nationalism? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What changes in Europe came about because of nationalism? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth-century feminism? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Why did women in Europe and America develop a feminist consciousness? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. Why was suffrage such an important issue for the feminist movement? ||

<span style="color: #0a630a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Take notes on the following in your notebook. We will discuss in class.
 * <span style="color: #0a630a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Examining the impact of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment__**

<span style="color: #0a630a; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Think about the developments and advances of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. How might these developments have led to major changes in the Western World? Consider the effects of these developments on society, government, and under-represented people. ||

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Explain the significance of each of the following. Include information about where they were from, what they wrote about, and what their main ideas were.
 * __**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">THE ENLIGHTENMENT **__

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">John Locke (1632-1704) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Mary Astell (1666-1731) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Voltaire (1694-1778) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">David Hume (1711-1776) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Denis Diderot (1713-84) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Adam Smith (1723-90)

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Explain the Enlightenment attitude toward the following issues/topics: <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Slavery <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Social Equality <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Religion <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Government <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Education <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Economics ||

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Protestant Reformation __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What was the main reason that it began? How did it spread? What was the appeal? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What explains the furor which erupted during the Wars of Religion? Can you think of any issues in American society today that could lead to such a reaction? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why were women drawn to the Protestant Reformation? Were their expectations met? In what ways did the Reformation negatively affect women? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation?
 * __<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Chapter 16 – Religion & Science** __

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Catholic or Counter Reformation __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. In what ways did the Catholic Church aim to counter the appeal of the Reformation? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Why did the Protestant Reformation appeal to women? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. How did women participate in the Counter Reformation? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What reforms did the papacy enact in response to the Protestant Reformation? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. Consider how the changes brought about by the Reformation influenced the Scientific Revolution. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. Be prepared to explain the conflict that surrounded the scientific advances that were made during the 16th and 17th centuries. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. Be able to identify the major discoveries/advancements of the Scientific Revolution

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Spread of Christianity __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. What accounts for the success of the Spanish in spreading Christianity in American and the Philippines? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into the Native American cultures of Spanish America? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. Why did it make sense to the natives in Spanish America for them to accept the religion of their conquerors? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. How did native religious traditions persist? What did the Europeans do to get rid of these traditional practices? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?

__<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions __ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">19. How did the slave trade influence the spread of Christianity? And how did the African cultures affect religions in the New World? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">20. What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">21. What problems did the spread of Islam present to orthodox Muslims? How did these “problems” lead to changes within Islam? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">22. Why did the Ming & Qing Dynasties promote Neo-Confucianism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">23. Explain the debate over Neo-Confucianism that developed during the early modern era. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">24. In what ways did Asian cultural changes in the Early Modern era parallel those of Europe, and in what ways were they different? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">25. Explain how the blending of Islam and Hinduism created cultural changes in India. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">26. How did changes in Hinduism in India affect women?

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Scientific Revolution__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">27. Define what the Scientific Revolution was in one phrase. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">28. What was the long-term significance of the Scientific Revolution? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">29. Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic World? Why would the Islamic world and China have been good candidates for leadership in the Scientific Revolution? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">30. What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution? ||

||
 * __<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">BIOGRAPHY OF A PRODUCT ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS __


 * __**<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 15 – Global Commerce, 1450-1750 **__

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Europeans and Asian Commerce __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Why did Europeans decide that the Mediterranean trade route to Asia was inadequate? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why might the Asians have considered European goods to be crude?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Portugal __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What role did Vasco da Gama play in Portugal’s entrance into the Asian commercial markets? What did the Portuguese discover once they made their way into the trading routes in the Indian Ocean? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. How did the Chinese influence the Portuguese involvement in trade in the Indian Ocean? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What advantage did the Portuguese have over the small-scale merchants who were trading in the Indian Ocean in the late 15th and early 16th centuries? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Why might the Portuguese have wanted to only create a trading post empire instead of a territorial empire? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. The Portuguese king saw these trading opportunities as a means of person self-enrichment. How did the Portuguese efforts to create a trading post empire benefit regular Portuguese? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. When the Portuguese realized that they would not be able to dominate the Asian trade networks by force, how did they attempt to at least maintain a presence there?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Spain and the Philippines __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. Who was responsible for making the Spanish aware of the area of the Philippines as potential strategic foothold in the Pacific? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What conditions led the Spanish to set up direct rule over the Philippines rather than a trading post empire? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. How did religion play a role in the Spanish conquest/control of the area and of the area surrounding the Philippines? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. What changes did the Spanish rule bring about within the Philippines?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">East India Companies __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How did the British and Dutch differ from the Portuguese in their approach to organizing their Indian Ocean commercial ventures? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. The British and Dutch came to displace the Portuguese as the primary European trading presence in the Indian Ocean. What might have led to this change? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. Describe how the Dutch maintained control over their commercial territories in Indonesia. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. Why were the British forced to focus their commercial efforts in the Indian Ocean to India? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. Why were the British unable to practice “trade by warfare” in India? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">19. The British were not as successful as the Dutch in creating a monopoly over the spice trade. What other product did they rely on for their commercial success in the area? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">20. How did the Dutch and British successes in their trading ventures in the area help them to get involved in dealing in bulk goods from Asia?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Asian Commerce __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">21. Why might historians have exaggerated the impact of European societies on Asian society? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">22. Explain how the attitude of the Japanese toward the Europeans changed from the mid-sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">23. In spite of the dominance of European navies in Asian waters, in what way did the Chinese and other Asian peoples continue to have a presence in the area?

<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Silver and Global Commerce__ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">24. How did the silver trade begin? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">25. What was the world historical importance of the silver trade? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">26. What role did China play in the demand for silver? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">27. What was the silver drain? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">28. How did silver transform much that it touched? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">29. Spain and Japan both benefited from the discovery of silver in their territories. How did they both utilize their new-found wealth and which used the wealth more effectively?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">The “World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">30. What caused an increase in demand for fur during the late 16th and early 17th century? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">31. Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American societies. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">32. How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other? What did they have in common?

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Slave Trade Section (pp. 449-457) __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">33. What were the different forms that slavery took? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">34. What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade? What did it share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trading? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">35. What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">36. Why was the Atlantic slave trade targeted toward trade in Africans? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">37. What roles did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">38. How did the Atlantic slave trade change over time? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">39. What was the source of slaves for the slave trade? What was the destination of the slaves who were transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">40. In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies? (What were the results of the slave trade for the African societies?)

__<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Big Picture Questions: __ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">wHow should we distribute the moral responsibility or blame for the Atlantic slave trade? Is this a task appropriate to historians? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">wWhat lasting legacies of early modern globalization are evident in the early twenty-first century? Pay particular attention to the legacies of the slave trade. ||

<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">Read two of the writings by emperors from pp. 653-661 in the textbook. Using the SOAPS model breakdown each of the two documents that you've chosen, providing information for each of the SOAPS letters. ||
 * __**<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%;">DUE MONDAY - October 22 **__

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">{Answer these questions in your notebook; we will discuss them in class.}
 * __<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 14: Empires and encounters – 1450-1750 __**

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">F__or discussion on Tuesday, 10/9 and Wednesday 10/10__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. How were Europeans able to create such large empires in the Americas?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What changes to life in the Americas resulted from European empire building?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What was the Columbian Exchange? Was it an equal exchange?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? How did it shape the kinds of societies that arose there?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Compare and contrast the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean with those in British North America.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What were the main differences between the South American colonies and the colonies of North America?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What is the difference between slavery and indentured servitude?

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For discussion on Friday, 10/12 __ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Why did Russia experience a “crisis of identity?”

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. Explain why the Russian empire remained intact long after the Spanish, Portuguese, and British empires had fallen apart.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What motivated Russian empire building?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. How did the rulers of this growing empire secure their territory?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. How did the Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered people and of the Russian homeland itself?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. How did the growth of the Russian Empire transform Russia?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. In what way was their growth as a European and as an Asian power the cause of a sort of “identity crisis”?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. What was the main difference between the way the Russians created their empire and the way the Spanish and British created their empires? What long-term affect has this had on the global community?

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For discussion on Monday, 10/15 __ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. What were the major features of Chinese empire building? What had they decided to give up in their empire building efforts?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. How did the fact that the Qing Dynasty was of Manchurian origins affect the way the empire was created?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. Why did the Russian empire-building efforts and the Chinese empire-building efforts a source of potential conflict in Asia, and how were these tensions resolved?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">19. What were the long-term effects of the Chinese empire building?

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For discussion on Thursday, 10/18 __ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">20. In what way was the creation of the Mughal Empire a benefit to the region?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">21. How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb? What were the long-term effects of the latter’s policies?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">22. Explain how of the Ottoman sultans were successful in holding their territory together.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">23. In what ways was the Ottoman Empire important for Europe in the early modern era?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">24. Discuss the different perspectives of the Ottoman Empire. How did some people view them in a positive light while others saw them as a threat? With which perspective to you most agree?

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For discussion on Friday, 10/19 __ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">25. Why were the European empire-building efforts discussed in this chapter more significant in a global context than the Russian, Mughal, and Chinese empires?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">26. Discuss the similarities between the various empire building efforts we examined: the Spanish in South America, the English in North America, the Russians in Eurasia, the Manchu Dynasty in China, and Mughal Empire in India. How were they different? Which do you think was the most powerful and why?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">27. Do you think that historians should emphasize the similarities or differences between these empires?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">28. Why did the European empires in the Americas have such an enormously greater impact on the conquered people than did the Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman empires?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Monday & Tuesday, 9/24-25: Read pages 569-584, and answer the following questions in your notebook.
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter Thirteen Reading Questions - For class discussion the week of Sept. 24)__**

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1) In what types of communities did early peoples live? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2) Why was this time a “major turning point in the human story? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3) How did Ming China and Europe differ at the beginning of the century? How were they similar? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4) What effect would the smaller fleets have on European ability to achieve maritime goals? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5) Why did Columbus sail west instead of down coast of Africa or through Mediterranean? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6) How might the world history have been different if China had not suddenly stopped their maritime explorations?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Wednesday & Thursday, 9/26-27: Read pages 584-599, and answer the following questions in your notebook.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7) What are the similarities/differences between these the Ottoman and Safavid empires? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8) What are the similarities/differences between the Songhay and Mughal Empires? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9) What would be the negative and positive aspects of being part of an empire? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10) How did the Aztec and Inca empires differ? How were they similar? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11) How were women treated by the Aztec and Inca civilizations? Give an example of gender parallelism in both civilizations. ||

__<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For Class Discussion on Friday: __
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Read pages lvi-lvii (in the introductory section of the textbook) about the "Three Cs" of World History.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Be able to define each of the Cs (Comparison, Connection, and Change).

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Write a brief **comparison** of two groups, people, or events from history. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Briefly explain the importance of **connection** using examples from the book. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Briefly explain the long-term effects of **change** on a society, group, or region. ||

<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. How did India’s nationalist movement change over time? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What was the role of Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. How did South Africa’s struggle against white domination change over time? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Why was Africa’s experience with political democracy so different from that of India? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What obstacles impeded the economic development of third-world countries? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. In what ways did cultural revolutions in Turkey and Iran reflect different understandings of the role of Islam in modern societies? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. In what ways did the colonial experience and the struggle for independence shape the agenda of developing countries in the second half of the twentieth century? <span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. How would you compare the historical experiences of India and China in the twentieth century? ||
 * **__<span style="color: #008000; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 23 Reading Questions __**

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Global Communism__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What is socialism? How does communism relate to socialism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What was the difference between European socialists and those who identified themselves as communists? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What were the main two communist regimes? Where else in the world did communism take hold? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. How did communism come to dominate Russia? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What was the Russian Bolshevik Party’s message in 1917? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. How did communism come to dominate China? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Identify the major differences between the Russian and Chinese forms of communism. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Identify the following terms/names: <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Warsaw Pact <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">soviets <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Bolsheviks <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Lenin <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chiang Kai-Shek <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Mao Zedong <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What were the goals of communists in both Russia and China?
 * <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter 22 – Reading Questions__**

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Building Socialism in Two countries__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What changes did communist regimes bring to the lives of women? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What is collectivization and what were the objectives behind it? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. How did Russian and Chinese efforts toward collectivization differ? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. Why was industrialization a fundamental task of communism in the Soviet Union and China? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. Explain how the Soviet Union and China became industrialized. What were the outcomes? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. Why did communist regimes generate terror and violence on such a massive scale?

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__East versus West__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. Why did the West fear the spread of communism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. In what different ways was the cold war expressed and in what regions/areas of the world? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. How did the arms race contribute to the Cold War? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">19. How might the Cold War/arms race have affected regular people? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">20. In what ways did the United States play a global role after World War II? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">21. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the communist world by the 1970s?

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Comparing Paths to the End of Communism__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">22. What explains the rapid end of the communist era? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">23. How did the end of communism in the Soviet Union differ from communism’s demise in China? ||

<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__First World War - European civilization in Crisis, 1914-1918__ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 1. Explain the main causes of the first World War. Who was to blame for the war and who were the main players in the war? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 2. In what ways did World War I mark new departures in history of the 20th century? What were the legacies of the war?
 * __**<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">CHAPTER 21 – READING QUESTIONS **__

<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> __Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression__ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 3. What factors led to the Great Depression? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 4. How was the Great Depression connected to World War I? Who was responsible for the Great Depression? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 5. What were the immediate results of the Great Depression? Long-term results? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 6. How was the Great Depression a global phenomenon? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;"> 7. How was the Great Depression dealt with in the United States? What long-term consequences did FDR's policy have?

<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan__ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. What drew Italy, Germany, and Japan into a relationship in the mid-1930s? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What is fascism and what were its goals in the first half of the 20th century? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. Why did fascism appeal to different groups of people? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. Why did Italy become a fascist country? How did this affect Italian women? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. What was distinctive about the German expression of fascism? What was the basis of popular support for the Nazis? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. What aspects of Europe’s ideological traditions (such as rationalism) did Nazism reject, and which ones did it embrace? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How did Japan’s experience during the 1920s and 1930s resemble that of Germany, and how did it differ?

<span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__A Second World War__ <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What were the steps that led to war in Asia in the late 1920s and 1930s? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. How did Japan's relationship (real or perceived) with the United States lead to war with the United States? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why were the United States and its allies concerned about growing Japanese dominance in Asia? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What factors led to war in Europe? Consider especially Germany's role in the beginning of the war. <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Describe the initial acts of aggression committed by Germany in the 1930s. What was the response from Britain and France? Why might they have chosen this response? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Why were the Axis powers initially successful in their attacks against their enemies? What led to the turning of the tide of war in 1942? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. How did World War II differ from World War I? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Explain the concept of total war. What were the effects it had during World War II? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. How did the outbreak of war lead to the Holocaust? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What was the long-term impact of Hitler's "Final Solution"? <span style="color: #400540; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What were the long-term effects of World War II? ||

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Explain the different ways in which Europeans went about conducting their second wave of conquests during the period 1750-1900. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. How were the second wave of European conquests affected by the region that was the target of the conquest? (For example, how did the political/cultural situation in India and Indonesia affect how European conquest happened there?)
 * <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Reading Questions – Chapter 20__** ||
 * <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__A Second Wave of European Conquests__

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Under European Rule__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why might subject (conquered) people have chosen to cooperate with the colonial regime? What might have prompted them to rebel or resist? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What caused the Indian Rebellion of 1857-58? What were the grievances the Indian people had against the British? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What were the long-term results of the Indian Rebellion? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Explain what was distinctive about European colonial empires in the 19th century. (There are six basic distinctions.)

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial Economies__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. How did the power of colonial states transform the economic lives of colonial subjects? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. How did cash-crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What kinds of wage labor were available in the colonies? Why might people take part in it? How did doing so change their lives? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. How were the lives of African women altered by colonial economies? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. Did colonial rule bring "economic progress" in its wake?

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Believing and Belonging - Identity & Cultural Change in the Colonial Era__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. What impact did Western education have on colonial societies? What benefits did the educated elite hope would result from Western education? Were their hopes realized? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. What were the attractions of Christianity within some colonial societies? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How and why did Hinduism emerge as a distinct religious tradition during the colonial era in India? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. What long-term results came from religion and British law in India? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. In what way were "race" and "tribe" new identities in colonial Africa?? ||

<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. In one sentence how would you describe the global community in the 18th and 19th century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. During the 19th century, Europe became the center of the world economy. What accounts for this? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What is imperialism and why was it important to the industrial West (Europe, the US)? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape the character of nineteenth-century European imperialism? (Consider why industrialization happened in the West and how industrialism would have led to imperialism.) <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. How did Europeans view Asians and Africans before the nineteenth century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What contributed to changing European views of Asians and Africans in the nineteenth century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. How did the European attitudes toward race which developed by the nineteenth century influence imperialist activities? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. What was the “civilizing mission” and what affect did it have on native populations of non-industrialized areas? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis__ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of 19th-century China? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What kind of society did the leaders of the Taiping uprising envision for China? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why did opium become important in China by the early- to mid-1800s? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why did China and Britain go to war over opium? What was at stake? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Explain why China was unable to enter into the modern world as an equal player among industrialized nations. <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Why was China unable to respond effectively to mounting pressures from the West in the 19th century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What was the response among the Chinese educated elite to the failure of Chinese “self-strengthening”?
 * <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter 19: Reading Questions__** ||
 * <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__European Industry and Empire__

<span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Ottoman Empire – “The Sick Man of Europe”__ <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. In what different ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19th Century? <span style="color: #070743; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Explain the similarities and differences of what happened in China and in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. How did Japan’s historical development differ from that of China and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Does Japan’s 19th-century transformation deserve to be considered revolutionary? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. How did Japan’s relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process? ||

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">(//Answer the following questions to be handed in during class on Monday//) ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels Reading__** (pp. 855-59)
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Who are the bourgeoisie? Who are the proletariat?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What was the role of the bourgeoisie in history?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. How do Marx and Engels describe the socialist society that will follow the collapse of the capitalist system? Why do they believe that only a revolution will enable the creation of a socialist society?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">These should be answered using complete sentences and using examples from the reading where applicable. ||

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Provide a definition of industrialization. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Explain the origins of industrialization. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why did the Industrial Revolution start first in Europe and not in Asia? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why did the Industrial Revolution happen in England first? What factors were present in England that led to the industrialization of that country? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Why did industrialization not occur as early in France? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. How did the Industrial Revolution transform European society? (Think about effects on social structure, daily life, perceptions of class, etc.) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Explain how the middle and laboring classes benefited from industrialization. What were the negative consequences for these two groups? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Explain how industrialization led to the growth of social protest movements. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. How did Karl Marx understand the Industrial Revolution? In what ways did his ideas have an impact on the industrializing world of the 19th century? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What were the differences between industrialization in the United States and in Russia? (Think about origins and changes caused by industrialization, for example.) <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. Why did Marxism not take root in the United States? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. Why did Latin America not industrialize? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How was Latin America linked to the world economy and what impact did that have on Latin America? ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Ch.__** **__18 - The Industrial Revolution__** ||
 * **//<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 18.2px;">Answer questions 1 - 9 in your notebooks for discussion on Tuesday (1/10). //**

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What is a revolution? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. How did the Atlantic Revolutions influence each other? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Which Enlightenment ideas influenced the Atlantic Revolutions? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What was revolutionary about the American Revolution and what was not? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Explain the causes of the French Revolution. What Enlightenment ideas influenced the French Revolution? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Describe Haitian society in the late 18th century. How did each socio-economic group adopt the principles of the French Revolution to each of their own situations? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What set off the Haitian Revolution and what changes were brought about by the Revolution? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. What were the long-term effects of the Haitian Revolution? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. How did the situation experienced by Spanish creoles mirror that of the British colonists in North America? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. Why did the Spanish American struggles for independence occur decades later than those of British North America? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What was the main cause of revolution in Central and South America? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. How did the Spanish American Revolutions differ from that of North America? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. Explain how the Spanish American Revolutions redefined Spanish society in the Americas. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. Compare and contrast the long-term results of the North American and South American Revolutions.
 * <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter 17 - Age of Revolutions__** ||
 * <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Atlantic Revolutions__

<span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Echoes of Revolution__ <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century? Be sure to explain the influence of both events and ideas on the abolition of slavery. <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Why did slavery continue to persist in some areas longer than in others? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. How did the end of slavery affect the lives of the former slaves? What effect did it have on agriculture in areas where slavery had existed? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What is nationalism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What changes in Europe came about because of nationalism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth-century feminism? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Why did women in Europe and America develop a feminist consciousness? <span style="color: #032603; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. Why was suffrage such an important issue for the feminist movement? ||


 * __**<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 16 - The Enlightenment (pp. 742-45) **__ ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of European thinking?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Who were major Enlightenment thinkers and on what did they focus?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">How did 19th-century developments in the sciences challenge the faith of the Enlightenment? ||

<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Protestant Reformation__ <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What was the main reason that it began? How did it spread? What was the appeal? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What explains the furor which erupted during the Wars of Religion? Can you think of any issues in American society today that could lead to such a reaction? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why were women drawn to the Protestant Reformation? Were their expectations met? In what ways did the Reformation negatively affect women? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation?
 * <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter 16 – Religion & Science__** ||
 * <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">//For discussion beginning Friday, Oct. 28//

<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Catholic or Counter Reformation__ <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. In what ways did the Catholic Church aim to counter the appeal of the Reformation? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Why did the Protestant Reformation appeal to women? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. How did women participate in the Counter Reformation? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. What reforms did the papacy enact in response to the Protestant Reformation?

<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Spread of Christianity__ <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What accounts for the success of the Spanish in spreading Christianity in American and the Philippines? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into the Native American cultures of Spanish America? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why did it make sense to the natives in Spanish America for them to accept the religion of their conquerors? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. How did native religious traditions persist? What did the Europeans do to get rid of these traditional practices? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?

<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions__ <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. How did the slave trade influence the spread of Christianity? And how did the African cultures affect religions in the New World? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What problems did the spread of Islam present to orthodox Muslims? How did these “problems” lead to changes within Islam? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Why did the Ming & Qing Dynasties promote Neo-Confucianism? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Explain the debate over Neo-Confucianism that developed during the early modern era. <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. In what ways did Asian cultural changes in the Early Modern era parallel those of Europe, and in what ways were they different? <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Explain how the blending of Islam and Hinduism created cultural changes in India. <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. How did changes in Hinduism in India affect women?

<span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Scientific Revolution__ <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Consider how the changes brought about by the Reformation influenced the Scientific Revolution. <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Be prepared to explain the conflict that surrounded the scientific advances that were made during the 16th and 17th centuries. <span style="color: #4b0404; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Be able to identify the major discoveries/advancements of the Scientific Revolution ||

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Europeans and Asian Commerce__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Why did Europeans decide that the Mediterranean trade route to Asia was inadequate? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Why might the Asians have considered European goods to be crude?
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter 15 – Global Commerce, 1450-1750__** ||
 * //<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For discussion on 10/14 and 10/17 //

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Portugal__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What role did Vasco da Gama play in Portugal’s entrance into the Asian commercial markets? What did the Portuguese discover once they made their way into the trading routes in the Indian Ocean? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. How did the Chinese influence the Portuguese involvement in trade in the Indian Ocean? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What advantage did the Portuguese have over the small-scale merchants who were trading in the Indian Ocean in the late 15th and early 16th centuries? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. Why might the Portuguese have wanted to only create a trading post empire instead of a territorial empire? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. The Portuguese king saw these trading opportunities as a means of person self-enrichment. How did the Portuguese efforts to create a trading post empire benefit regular Portuguese? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. When the Portuguese realized that they would not be able to dominate the Asian trade networks by force, how did they attempt to at least maintain a presence there?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Spain__ __and the Philippines__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. Who was responsible for making the Spanish aware of the area of the Philippines as potential strategic foothold in the Pacific? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. What conditions led the Spanish to set up direct rule over the Philippines rather than a trading post empire? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. How did religion play a role in the Spanish conquest/control of the area and of the area surrounding the Philippines? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. What changes did the Spanish rule bring about within the Philippines?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__East India Companies__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. How did the British and Dutch differ from the Portuguese in their approach to organizing their Indian Ocean commercial ventures? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. The British and Dutch came to displace the Portuguese as the primary European trading presence in the Indian Ocean. What might have led to this change? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. Describe how the Dutch maintained control over their commercial territories in Indonesia. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. Why were the British forced to focus their commercial efforts in the Indian Ocean to India? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. Why were the British unable to practice “trade by warfare” in India? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">19. The British were not as successful as the Dutch in creating a monopoly over the spice trade. What other product did they rely on for their commercial success in the area? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">20. How did the Dutch and British successes in their trading ventures in the area help them to get involved in dealing in bulk goods from Asia?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Asian Commerce__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">21. Why might historians have exaggerated the impact of European societies on Asian society? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">22. Explain how the attitude of the Japanese toward the Europeans changed from the mid-sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">23. In spite of the dominance of European navies in Asian waters, in what way did the Chinese and other Asian peoples continue to have a presence in the area?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Silver and Global Commerce__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">24. How did the silver trade begin? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">25. What was the world historical importance of the silver trade? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">26. What role did China play in the demand for silver? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">27. What was the silver drain? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">28. How did silver transform much that it touched? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">29. Spain and Japan both benefited from the discovery of silver in their territories. How did they both utilize their new-found wealth and which used the wealth more effectively?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__The “World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">30. What caused an increase in demand for fur during the late 16th and early 17th century? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">31. Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American societies. <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">32. How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other? What did they have in common?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Slave Trade Section__ <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">33. What were the different forms that slavery took? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">34. What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade? What did it share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trading? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">35. What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">36. Why was the Atlantic slave trade targeted toward trade in Africans? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">37. What roles did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">38. How did the Atlantic slave trade change over time? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">39. What was the source of slaves for the slave trade? What was the destination of the slaves who were transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade? <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">40. In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies? (What were the results of the slave trade for the African societies?) ||

//<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">{Answer these questions in your notebook; we will discuss them in class.} //
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter 14: Empires and encounters – 1450-1750__**

__<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">For discussion on Monday, 10/3 __ <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. How were Europeans able to create such large empires in the Americas?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. What changes to life in the Americas resulted from European empire building?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What was the Columbian Exchange? Was it an equal exchange?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? How did it shape the kings of societies that arose there?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. Compare and contrast the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean with those in British North America.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6. What were the main differences between the South American colonies and the colonies of North America?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7. What is the difference between slavery and indentured servitude?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__For discussion on Tuesday, 10/4__ <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8. Why did Russia experience a “crisis of identity?”

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9. Explain why the Russian empire remained intact long after the Spanish, Portuguese, and British empires had fallen apart.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10. What motivated Russian empire building?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11. How did the rulers of this growing empire secure their territory?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">12. How did the Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered people and of the Russian homeland itself?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">13. How did the growth of the Russian Empire transform Russia?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">14. In what way was their growth as a European and as an Asian power the cause of a sort of “identity crisis”?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">15. What was the main difference between the way the Russians created their empire and the way the Spanish and British created their empires? What long-term affect has this had on the global community?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__For discussion on Wednesday, 10/5__ <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">16. What were the major features of Chinese empire building? What had they decided to give up in their empire building efforts?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">17. How did the fact that the Qing Dynasty was of Manchurian origins affect the way the empire was created?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">18. Why did the Russian empire-building efforts and the Chinese empire-building efforts a source of potential conflict in Asia, and how were these tensions resolved?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">19. What were the long-term effects of the Chinese empire building?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">20. In what way was the creation of the Mughal Empire a benefit to the region?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">21. How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb? What were the long-term effects of the latter’s policies?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">22. Explain how of the Ottoman sultans were successful in holding their territory together.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">23. In what ways was the Ottoman Empire important for Europe in the early modern era?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">24. Discuss the different perspectives of the Ottoman Empire. How did some people view them in a positive light while others saw them as a threat? With which perspective to you most agree?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">25. Why were the European empire-building efforts discussed in this chapter more significant in a global context than the Russian, Mughal, and Chinese empires?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">26. Discuss the similarities between the various empire building efforts we examined: the Spanish in South America, the English in North America, the Russians in Eurasia, the Manchu Dynasty in China, and Mughal Empire in India. How were they different? Which do you think was the most powerful and why?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">27. Do you think that historians should emphasize the similarities or differences between these empires?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">28. Why did the European empires in the Americas have such an enormously greater impact on the conquered people than did the Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman empires? ||


 * **//<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">We will begin working on this in class on Friday, and will finish it on Monday. //**

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Read the items by Diego Duran (p. 603-604) and Pedro de Cieza de Léon (p. 605-607). Answer the following questions:

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Both Duran and Cieza were outsiders to the societies they described, and they were part of the conquering Spanish forces. In what ways did these conditions affect their descriptions of the Aztec and Inca empires?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. In what ways might these authors have been using their observation of Aztec or Inca society to praise or criticize their own European homeland?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. What might account for the different aspect of each society upon which the authors focused?

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Which statements in these documents do you find most credible and which ones might you be inclined to question or challenge? What criteria might you use to assess the evidence in these documents? ||

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Read pages 569-584, and answer the following questions in your notebook.
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Chapter Thirteen Reading Questions - For class discussion the week of Sept. 19-23)__**

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">1) In what types of communities did early peoples live? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">2) Why was this time a “major turning point in the human story? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">3) How did Ming China and Europe differ at the beginning of the century? How were they similar? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">4) What effect would the smaller fleets have on European ability to achieve maritime goals? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">5) Why did Columbus sail west instead of down coast of Africa or through Mediterranean? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">6) How might the world history have been different if China had not suddenly stopped their maritime explorations?

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">Read pages 584-599, and answer the following questions in your notebook.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">7) What are the similarities/differences between these the Ottoman and Safavid empires? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">8) What are the similarities/differences between the Songhay and Mughal Empires? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">9) What would be the negative and positive aspects of being part of an empire? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">10) How did the Aztec and Inca empires differ? How were they similar? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">11) How were women treated by the Aztec and Inca civilizations? Give an example of gender parallelism in both civilizations. ||



<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">Read the items by Diego Duran (p. 603-604) and Pedro de Cieza de Léon (p. 605-607). Answer the following questions:
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Comparing historical accounts/descriptions__ **

<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">1. Both Duran and Cieza were outsiders to the societies they described, and they were part of the conquering Spanish forces. In what ways did these conditions affect their descriptions of the Aztec and Inca empires?

<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">2. In what ways might these authors have been using their observation of Aztec or Inca society to praise or criticize their own European homeland?

<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">3. What might account for the difference aspect of each society upon which the authors focused?

<span style="color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%;">4. Which statements in these documents do you find most credible and which ones might you be inclined to question or challenge? What criteria might you use to assess the evidence in these documents? ||